LEWIS, J.

Ramsey Hasan seeks review of the decision of the Fourth District Court of Appeal in Hasan v. Garvar, 34 So.3d 785 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010), on the basis that it expressly and directly conflicts with the decision of this Court in Acosta v. Richter, 671 So.2d 149 (Fla.1996), as well as decisions of the First District Court of Appeal in Dannemann v. Shands Teaching Hospital & Clinics, Inc., 14 So.3d 246 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009) cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 2061, 176 L.Ed.2d 429 (2010), and Hannon v. Roper, 945 So.2d 534 (Fla. 1st DCA 2006), on a question of law. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(3), Fla. Const.

FACTS

Ramsey Hasan filed a medical malpractice action against Lanny Garvar, D.M.D., and his dental practice. Hasan alleges that Garvar's failure to diagnose and treat his dental conditions resulted in a bone infection and a worsening of his dental problems, which caused severe and permanent physical and emotional damage. Specifically, Hasan contends that he suffered and continues to suffer physical and mental pain, grief, anguish, an inability to lead a normal life, permanent disfigurement, and permanent aggravation of a preexisting condition. Hasan claims that he has been forced to pay additional dental bills plus other expenses related to his injuries.

After receiving treatment from Garvar, Hasan sought medical treatment from Jennifer Schaumberg, D.M.D., an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Garvar acknowledges that a physician-patient relationship existed between Hasan and Schaumberg. While in the process of scheduling Schaumberg's deposition in this action in connection with her treatment of Hasan, Hasan learned that OMS National Insurance Company (OMSNIC) had retained an attorney to consult with Schaumberg and to conduct an ex parte private predeposition conference with Schaumberg. Schaumberg is not a party in any underlying malpractice action against Garvar.

OMSNIC insures Garvar. OMSNIC also insures Schaumberg. OMSNIC had previously retained an attorney to represent Garvar in the action Hasan filed against him. Originally, distinct law firms represented Schaumberg and Garvar on behalf of OMSNIC. At some point, however, the attorney retained by the insurance company for Schaumberg joined the law firm representing Garvar. Thereafter, OMSNIC retained another law firm to represent Schaumberg. Although different attorneys represent Garvar and Schaumberg, OMSNIC selected, retained, and paid for both attorneys.

When Hasan became aware that OMSNIC had selected and paid for an attorney to meet with Schaumberg, Hasan moved for a protective order to prohibit the ex parte predeposition conference between Schaumberg and the attorney provided by OMSNIC. The trial court denied Hasan's motion, and, after writing a full opinion approving the trial court's action, the Fourth District Court of Appeal denied Hasan's petition for a writ of certiorari. Hasan, 34 So.3d at 786-87. According to the Fourth District, the ex parte conference was permissible because the trial court's order contained a provision to prohibit Schaumberg and her insurer-provided attorney from discussing privileged medical information pertaining to Hasan, and because Schaumberg was meeting with the attorney assigned to her by OMSNIC, not the attorney assigned to Garvar. Id. at 787. The Fourth District acknowledged that this Court has explicitly prohibited ex parte meetings between nonparty treating physicians such as Schaumberg and the defendant's attorney since the Florida Legislature adopted a physician-patient confidentiality statute for patient medical information in 1988. Id.

Hasan contends that an ex parte predeposition conference between a nonparty treating physician, here Schaumberg, and an attorney who is selected and hired by the defendant's insurance company violates the protections afforded by this State's physician-patient confidentiality statute as delineated in section 456.057(8), Florida Statutes (2009), and leaves him without protection from disclosure of information. The statute provides, in pertinent part:

§ 456.057(8), Fla. Stat. (2009) (emphasis supplied).

Hasan asserts that this section, coupled with relevant precedent addressing physician-patient confidentiality, prohibits an ex parte conference between a treating nonparty physician and the attorney assigned to the nonparty-physician in this case. Hasan contends that ex parte conferences are prohibited even if there is a verbal representation not to discuss privileged information — in other words, matters related to the patient. Garvar, in contrast, contends that section 456.057(8) and current precedent do not prohibit an ex parte meeting between a nonparty physician and counsel provided by the insurance company even though it is agreed that the nonparty treating physician will not be a defendant. Garvar alleges that to prohibit an ex parte meeting between a nonparty treating physician and counsel provided by the insurance company would violate the physician's common law right to counsel and First Amendment right to freedom of speech.

ANALYSIS

At issue here is whether the patient confidentiality statute prohibits a nonparty treating physician from having an ex parte meeting with an attorney selected and provided by the defendant's insurance company. We hold that the physician-patient confidentiality statute, section 456.057, prohibits such meetings and we quash the decision of the Fourth District. Given the broad protections afforded to patient information by the relevant confidentiality statute, and the equally protective judicial precedent with regard to this statute and information, we again hold that an ex parte meeting such as the one attempted here is prohibited irrespective of whether the attorney and physician claim they will discuss only non-privileged matters.

The History of Section 456.057

The history behind section 456.057 provides the foundation for our ruling that an ex parte meeting between a plaintiff's nonparty treating physician and counsel selected and provided by the defendant's insurer is prohibited. In Coralluzzo v. Fass, this Court held that no statutory or common law rule prohibited ex parte communications between defense counsel or their representatives and a nonparty treating physician. 450 So.2d 858, 859 (Fla. 1984). In that case, defense counsel arranged to meet ex parte with the plaintiff's subsequent treating oral surgeon, which the plaintiff, upon learning of the pending meeting, sought to prevent. Id. at 858-59. The Court in Coralluzzo held that it could not prevent the ex parte meeting because no statutory privilege existed for the physician-patient relationship which prohibited such activity. Id. at 859 (stating that "no evidentiary rule of physician/patient confidentiality exists in Florida...."). At that time, the Legislature only provided for a very limited statutory privilege of confidentiality to protect patient medical records. Id.

In 1988, however, the Legislature broadened the statutory protections for physician-patient confidentiality. The statute, as currently amended, states in relevant part:

§ 456.057(7)(a), (8), Fla. Stat. (2009) (emphasis supplied).1

The Senate Judiciary Committee staff report provided at the time the relevant statute was enacted that:

Fla. S. Comm. on Judiciary, CS/SB 1076 (1988) Staff Analysis 1 (May 19, 1988) (on file with the State Archives of Florida) (emphasis supplied). Accordingly, this Court has interpreted the statute at issue in light of its purpose to provide broad patient protection. See Acosta, 671 So.2d at 156.

In Franklin v. Nationwide Mutual Fire Insurance Co., the First District Court of Appeal was the first court to address the amended statute. 566 So.2d 529 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990). In Franklin, the district court quashed the trial court's order requiring the plaintiff to authorize a meeting between his treating physician, who was not a party to the malpractice action, and defense counsel. 566 So.2d at 530. According to the district court, to authorize such meetings violated the physician-patient confidentiality statute which provides for only three situations in which the absolute patient confidentiality is waived:

Id. at 532. In Acosta, this Court affirmed that confidentiality is waived in only those three circumstances and approved the district court's analysis in Franklin. See Acosta, 671 So.2d at 151-53. By limiting disclosures to these three circumstances, the Legislature indicated its intent to safeguard privileged medical information and to "strictly control the dissemination of a Florida patient's medical information." Id. at 155 (emphasis supplied); see also State v. Sun, 82 So.3d 866, 872 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) ("The plain language protects information made `in the course of the care and treatment,' § 457.057(8), and is therefore not limited to information necessary for treatment. Indeed, courts have consistently held that the statute expressly created a broad doctor-patient privilege, especially in light of the earlier, more limited statutory privilege."). In Acosta, we noted that the statute provides that

671 So.2d at 151-52 (quoting Franklin, 566 So.2d at 532) (emphasis supplied).

In Acosta, this Court also addressed when patient medical records may be disclosed. Id. at 155. At the time Acosta was rendered, the Legislature had carved out only three limited exceptions to when this may happen. Since then, the Legislature has added two more. These exceptions, like those provided in medical negligence actions, illustrate the Legislature's emphasis on providing a limited and specific avenue of disclosure for patient medical information. Section 456.057(7)(a) lists the exceptions for the disclosure of medical records as follows:

§ 456.057(7)(a)(1)-(5), Fla. Stat. (2009). In Acosta, this Court noted that "[t]hese `exceptions' are straightforward and require no further explanation here." 671 So.2d at 155.

To resolve the question currently before this Court — whether an ex parte meeting with a plaintiff's treating physician may occur — we "invoke the polestar of statutory construction: plain meaning of the statute at issue." Id. at 153.

Plain Meaning

In Acosta, we rejected the suggested interpretation that the exceptions to the confidentiality privilege were intended to create such a broad exception that essentially it does away with the physician-patient privilege in all medical negligence cases. Id. at 155. By including the phrase "when a health care provider is or reasonably expects to be named as a defendant," the Legislature recognized that there are instances when a health care provider is not, and does not reasonably expect to be, named as a defendant. Under such circumstances, the exceptions to the statute, which otherwise prohibit disclosure, are not triggered. Id. (citing Castillo-Plaza v. Green, 655 So.2d 197, 206 (Fla. 3d DCA 1995) (Jorgenson, J., dissenting)). Conversely, when a health care provider is or expects to be named as a defendant, "common sense dictates that ... [the] provider should be able to discuss patient information to defend [himself or] herself in a medical negligence action brought by the patient." Id. at 156. This exception, nevertheless, is "narrow in scope and patently logical and consistent with other provisions of the statute, [which] contrasts sharply with the idea that the legislature intended to do away with the privilege entirely...." Id.

The Legislature made clear its intention to limit disclosures of patient information not only by providing specific, limited exceptions to this protection, but also by explicitly stating this purpose. In subsection (7)(a) of the statute, the Legislature provided the following language: "Except as otherwise provided in this section ... such records may not be furnished to, and the medical condition of a patient may not be discussed with, any person other than the patient or the patient's legal representative...." § 456.057(7)(a) (emphasis supplied).2 In Acosta, we stated that this "sentence creates a broad and express privilege of confidentiality as to the medical records and medical condition of a patient." 671 So.2d at 154 (footnote omitted). The statute's "simple, direct language," coupled with the legal history of section 456.057, informed our conclusion that "the primary purpose of the 1988 amendment was to create a physician-patient privilege where none existed before, and to provide an explicit but limited scheme for the disclosure of personal medical information." Id. (emphasis supplied); see also West v. Branham, 576 So.2d 381, 383 (Fla. 4th DCA 1991) ("[T]he purpose of the statute is to preserve a patient's right to confidentiality.... This includes closing the door to the previous practice of many defense attorneys of meeting privately or otherwise communicating ex parte with the plaintiff's treating physicians." (emphasis supplied)).

Thus, the statutory language and legislative history demonstrate that ex parte meetings between a nonparty treating physician and outsiders to the patient-health care provider relationship are not permitted. We hold that this same language also prohibits ex parte meetings between a nonparty treating physician and others even with the representations as to the content of the meeting here. There is no protection to the patient if the view of the dissent is implemented.

Since Acosta, courts have continued to issue opinions consistent with Acosta's broad protections in favor of physician-patient confidentiality. In so doing, courts have been required to address whether the statute is violated if the counsel who seeks to communicate with the nonparty treating physician is not defense counsel per se, but counsel selected and provided by the defendant's insurer. Consistent with prior precedent, we conclude that counsel provided by the defendant's insurer also presents the same compromised interest as other outsiders, and, therefore, is barred from meeting with a nonparty treating physician.

In Hannon, the First District addressed whether the physician-patient confidentiality statute prevented a nonparty physician from meeting with his own attorney. See 945 So.2d at 535. The district court held that such a meeting was prohibited because "the unambiguous language of section 456.057(6) ... clearly forbids the [nonparty physician] from disclosing information concerning the [patient's] medical condition and treatment to an attorney hired by a representative of the defendant." Id. at 536. Integral to the court's holding was that the defendant's representative had hired the physician's attorney, and neither the physician nor the representative expected to be named as a defendant. Id.

Similarly, in Dannemann, the First District quashed a trial court order which had permitted nonparty treating physicians to meet with others. See 14 So.3d at 248. In that case, the defendant's insurance company, which also provided the defendant's counsel, hired counsel to represent the nonparty physicians in pre-deposition conferences.3 In reversing the trial court's order, the Dannemann court reiterated its holding in Hannon that the statute prohibited nonparty physicians from discussing privileged information with others outside the physician-patient relationship. Id. at 247.

Here, given the breadth of the applicable statute and the interpretation outlined in Acosta and its progeny, Garvar's attempt to skirt the protections afforded by the patient confidentiality statute are to no avail. Acosta recognizes that the patient's right to confidentiality is compromised if the defendant's insurer is permitted to invade the protections and prohibitions placed upon the patient's nonparty treating physician through secret private meetings. Judicial precedent has consistently emphasized that the statute's primary purpose is to broadly protect against disclosures of confidential patient information, including inadvertent disclosures. See Acosta, 671 So.2d at 153 (quoting Kirkland v. Middleton, 639 So.2d 1002, 1003 (Fla. 5th DCA 1994) ("Were unsupervised ex parte interviews allowed, medical malpractice plaintiffs could not object and act to protect against inadvertent disclosure of privileged information, nor could they effectively prove that improper disclosure actually took place.")); Lemieux v. Tandem Health Care of Florida, Inc., 862 So.2d 745, 750 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) ("Patently, the purpose of the statute is to preserve a patient's right to confidentiality with respect to information disclosed to a health care provider in the course of the care and treatment of a patient and to limit the conditions under which such information may be disclosed to others."). If an ex parte meeting between the nonparty treating physician and counsel provided by defendant's insurer is permitted, then insurance companies could simply hire counsel to circumvent the statutory protection. Consequently, we hold that section 456.057 prohibits ex parte meetings between a patient's nonparty treating physician and counsel provided by the defendant's insurance company, as is the situation in the case at hand.

First Amendment Concerns

In Acosta, this Court rejected the notion that the statute at issue violates a physician's First Amendment right to free speech. See 671 So.2d at 156. We "[found] no First Amendment flaw" because the statute strikes a balance between a patient's individual privacy rights and society's need for limited disclosure of medical information. Id. Physicians' free speech rights are not completely inhibited because physicians may discuss confidential patient information if they become parties to a medical negligence legal action. By providing this "safeguard, as well as providing other means for disclosure," we held that the Legislature properly created a limitation on speech concerning a patient without violating the First Amendment. Id.

In Dannemann, the First District furthered the discussion regarding possible constitutional issues when it rejected the claim that a nonparty physician's right to counsel is violated by this statute. 14 So.3d at 248. The district court noted its earlier Hannon decision and that it "did not discuss the constitutional issues raised there...." Id. Even though the Dannemann court acknowledged that a decision that failed to address a question that had been raised is not authoritative, it also regarded this lack of discussion as an indication that constitutional concerns "were considered and rejected" by the Hannon court. Id. According to the First District, the Hannon court would not have granted relief to the plaintiff-patient if it "had been persuaded the statute was constitutionally infirm." Id. Thus, the Dannemann court concluded that the Hannon and Acosta decisions held that the statute at issue did not infringe on physicians' constitutional rights. Id.

We agree with and reaffirm our prior court ruling that section 456.057 does not infringe upon a physician's right to free speech or right to counsel because it allows for such meetings if a physician becomes a party to a legal action and provides for disclosures if properly protected.

Discussions of Non-Privileged Matters as "Pure Sophistry"

The Acosta opinion concludes with these final remarks:

671 So.2d at 156 (emphasis supplied).

This statement touches on an issue particularly salient to the Hasan case. Here, the trial court's order prohibited "any discussion regarding the plaintiff's care and treatment" when it permitted Schaumberg to meet with the attorney selected, hired, and paid for by the insurance company. See 34 So.3d at 786. Garvar contends that Schaumberg should be able to speak with this attorney, ex parte, before her deposition with Hasan to discuss concerns and issues that are unrelated to Hasan's care and treatment. Garvar notes the following issues that Schaumberg may wish to address:

By listing other discussion points not addressing privileged matters, Garvar seeks to demonstrate that the disputed communications fall beyond the scope of section 456.057(8). Acosta's characterization of ex parte conferences between nonparty physicians and defense counsel as "pure sophistry," wherein the physician is not required to say "anything," answers the question of whether the statute's purpose and spirit would be violated by such ex parte meetings with a resounding "yes." See 671 So.2d at 156. OMSNIC's efforts to foster an environment conducive to inadvertent disclosures of privileged information by providing Schaumberg with an attorney are impermissible. Again, we affirm Acosta's holding in this regard.

CONCLUSION

We hold that section 456.057(8) creates a broad and expansive physician-patient privilege of confidentiality for the patient's personal information with only limited, defined exceptions. The privilege prohibits ex parte meetings between nonparty treating physicians and others outside the confidential relationship whether or not they intend to discuss privileged or non-privileged matters without measures to absolutely protect the patient and the privilege. Accordingly, we quash the decision of the Fourth District in Hasan and approve the First District's decisions in Dannemann and Hannon.

It is so ordered.

PARIENTE, QUINCE, LABARGA, and PERRY, JJ., concur.

POLSTON, C.J., dissents with an opinion, in which CANADY, J., concurs.

POLSTON, C.J., dissenting.

I respectfully dissent. The majority's ruling is far removed from a plain meaning interpretation of a statute and is seriously in error because (i) this Court does not have jurisdiction here, (ii) the majority's ruling improperly prohibits nonparty physicians from obtaining the legal counsel to which they are entitled under the insurance that they purchased, and (iii) the ruling improperly prohibits nonparty physicians from obtaining ANY legal counsel, even from lawyers not provided by their insurance. I believe legal advice was properly sought in this case, with the proper admonition to not disclose confidential information. Further, there is no reason in this case to question whether the physician and her lawyer would do anything other than abide by the court order and their respective ethical obligations. The Fourth District Court of Appeal's decision should be affirmed.

First, there is no conflict jurisdiction. Judge Gerber, authoring the well-reasoned opinion on behalf of the unanimous Fourth District, correctly distinguished the cases the majority's decision claims are in conflict. The Fourth District explained that in Dannemann v. Shands Teaching Hosp. & Clinics, Inc., 14 So.3d 246 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009), and Hannon v. Roper, 945 So.2d 534 (Fla. 1st DCA 2006), "the orders in error would have allowed the plaintiff's nonparty treating physicians to have ex parte conferences with their own attorneys, including discussion of the patient's medical condition. Here, the order allow[ed] the plaintiff's nonparty treating physician to have an ex parte conference with her own attorney, excluding the plaintiff's health care information." Hasan v. Garvar, 34 So.3d 785, 787 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (emphasis in original). Next, the Fourth District distinguished Acosta v. Richter, 671 So.2d 149 (Fla.1996). The Fourth District noted that this Court in Acosta "reject[ed] the contention that ex parte conferences with treating physicians may be approved so long as the physicians are not required to say anything. The court believed it is pure sophistry to suggest that the purpose and spirit of the statute would not be violated by such conferences." Hasan, 34 So.3d at 787 (quoting Acosta, 671 So.2d at 156). However, as the Fourth District stated, "the ex parte conferences to which the foregoing quotes refer were conferences between nonparty treating physicians and the defendants' attorneys. We do not believe the temptation to violate a court-ordered prohibition is as strong in situations involving nonparty treating physicians and their own attorneys." Id. (emphasis in original). The Fourth District properly distinguished the cases, and the Court does not have jurisdiction in this case.

Moreover, on the merits, the majority wrongfully prohibits a physician from consulting with her own lawyer, paid for by her insurance, by assuming that ethical violations will occur. The physician has a duty to her patient to protect confidential information, not to the insurance company. Furthermore, in this case, a court order was in place which expressly prohibited the disclosure of any patient information at the objected to pre-deposition conference. The majority assumes the physician will violate her patient's confidentiality and that she and her appointed lawyer will then go on to improperly "tell all" to the insurance company in direct violation of a court order. In order to remedy this yet presumed, future wrong, the majority prohibits the physician from obtaining the legal counsel to which she is rightfully entitled and for which she has already paid. There is no requirement in the patient confidentiality statute that compels this very odd ruling. The practicing physicians and the lawyers of Florida deserve more respect as professionals who are faithful to their oaths of ethical conduct. We should expect and demand compliance with court orders rather than rule with the anticipation that they will be violated.

Additionally, the majority's holding is not limited to the circumstance in this case — where the same insurance company hires separate lawyers for the defendant and for a nonparty treating physician. Rather, it is so breathtakingly broad that it even forbids the nonparty physician from consulting a lawyer that she may choose to hire independently. See, e.g., majority op. at 18 ("The privilege prohibits ex parte meetings between nonparty treating physicians and others outside the confidential relationship whether or not they intend to discuss privileged or non-privileged matters."). I am unaware of any other circumstance where this Court has prohibited someone from consulting a lawyer for legal advice.

Discovery depositions and investigative techniques used by lawyers during an ongoing trial pursuant to the rules of court may be unsettling to nonparty witnesses to the point that they understandably desire to seek counsel about the process. This desired legal counsel does not require improper disclosure of confidential information, as recognized by the Fourth District below. At a minimum, the Court's prohibition of such legal counsel violates the First Amendment protection of commercial speech between the nonparty physician and her lawyer. See Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350, 364, 97 S.Ct. 2691, 53 L.Ed.2d 810 (1977) (protecting lawyer's commercial speech under the First Amendment and explaining that "[t]he listener's interest is substantial: the consumer's concern for the free flow of commercial speech often may be far keener than his concern for urgent political dialogue" and that "such speech serves individual and societal interests in assuring informed and reliable decisionmaking"). Under the facts of this case, the lawyer was engaging in commerce by giving legal advice in return for compensation. Therefore, the communication between the lawyer and client was protected, at least, by First Amendment commercial speech rights. As the United States Supreme Court noted in Bates, the listener's interest (the nonparty physician in this case) is substantial, and the speech with her lawyer will assist her with "informed and reliable decisionmaking."

Accordingly, because the statute has no language that prohibits physicians from obtaining legal counsel that does not disclose confidential medical information, I respectfully dissent.

CANADY, J., concurs.